What Is the Spamhaus XBL?

Q: How to Prevent Malware

Update operating systems and software on all devices. - Keep anti-virus/anti-malware programs current and run full scans on every device possible. - Disconnect any unnecessary smart devices from the network. - For Business/Office/Enterprise Environments: Update operating systems and software on all devices. - Ensure anti-virus/anti-malware programs are updated and run full scans regularly. - Verify router and firewall configurations; ensure firmware is up-to-date. - Disable unnecessary external access to your network and secure essential external access. Monitor and review network traffic for unusual patterns or destination ports. - Invest in a host-based IDS or enterprise anti-malware solution and update it frequently.

A real-time database of IP addresses that are involved in various types of malicious activities on the internet.

The Spamhaus Exploits (XBL) Blocklist is a real-time database of IP addresses that are involved in various types of malicious activities on the internet. These activities include open proxies, worms, viruses with built-in spam engines, and other forms of exploits.

By maintaining the XBL, Spamhaus aims to protect internet users by identifying and blocking sources of spam and malicious software. The XBL is constantly updated, drawing on multiple data sources to ensure its listings are current and accurate. Organizations and individuals can use the XBL to filter incoming traffic, significantly reducing the risk of infections and enhancing overall online security.

XBL Blocklist Tracks IPv4 and IPv6 Addresses

The Exploits Blocklist (XBL) pinpoints compromised IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, identifying legitimate IPs hijacked for malicious exploits. Once substantial evidence indicates an insecure, compromised, or infected device using an IP, Spamhaus automatically adds it to the XBL.

Criteria for Inclusion in the XBL Blocklist

To maintain XBL’s efficacy and prevent circumvention, Spamhaus keeps listing criteria confidential. Common indicators include:

Malware presence on a device.
Security vulnerabilities leading to unauthorized access and malicious activities.
“Free VPN” applications using the device as a proxy.
Participation in brute-force attacks.
Frequent identity changes during email delivery.
Sinkhole connections indicating malware activity.
Attempts to relay mail with stolen credentials.

XBL listings expire automatically once malicious activity stops.

XBL Blocklist Contains Millions of Listings

The XBL dataset averages 2 million listings, with 650,000 new detections daily. Updated in real-time, combined with other reputation data, it delivers industry-leading catch rates with minimal false positives. Email administrators can leverage this DNSBL to mitigate spam and malicious emails, reducing security risks, infrastructure costs, and human resource demands.

How to Utilize the XBL Blocklist

Maximize Spamhaus data by strategically deploying blocklists during the email filtering process. Use the Exploits Blocklist:

During the initial connection – against the connecting IP.
Post-email data acceptance – by checking IPs in the Received chain in headers and by looking up IPs hosting resources in the email body, such as URLs.

For detailed guidance, read this best practice.

Spamhaus Blocklists Have Broad Reach, and are Free

Each Spamhaus blocklist targets specific behaviors; using one alone limits data effectiveness. Spamhaus provides three additional IP-based blocklists for free:

Spamhaus Blocklist (SBL)
Combined Spam Sources Blocklist (CSS) (included in the SBL DNSBL zone)
Policy Blocklist (PBL)

These IP blocklists can be utilized via ZEN, which consolidates these datasets for streamlined querying. While most malicious emails are intercepted during the SMTP transaction, some bad actors invest resources to evade IP detection. To achieve optimal catch rates, domain and hash blocklists should also be employed after email acceptance. Spamhaus offers the Domain Blocklist (DBL) for free to enhance email filtering.

How to Configure XBL

You can leverage the data for connection and SMTP transaction checks through SMTP server configuration. Additionally, utilize open-source tools like SpamAssassin and Rspamd for comprehensive content analysis.

How to Access XBL Blocklist data

The Spamhaus DNSBLs are available at no cost for low-volume, non-commercial users.

How to maintain a good IP reputation

Spamhaus blocklists safeguard billions of mailboxes worldwide. To prevent your email service from being blacklisted, adhere to these best practices:

Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) – Implement 2FA wherever possible, particularly for accounts with elevated privileges.
Software Updates – Protect against vulnerabilities by ensuring your software is always up-to-date.
Restrict Outbound SMTP Traffic – Configure your firewall to permit outbound SMTP traffic (port 25) solely from your mail server’s internal IP address.
Infrastructure Assessment – Evaluate the reliability of your internet infrastructure providers, such as ISPs.
Double Opt-In – Prevent spam traps and ensure emails are sent to genuine, interested recipients.
Proper Configuration – Verify that your hostname and HELO match, and that your reverse DNS (PTR record) points to the same hostname.

While not all these tasks fall under the purview of email administrators, collaboration with network administrators and deliverability specialists is crucial.

How to be Removed from the XBL Blocklist

If your IP is listed on the Exploits Blocklist, visit https://check.spamhaus.org. This platform exclusively manages XBL removals and provides in-depth information along with resolution steps.

Spamhaus XBL Blocklist FAQ:

What is the Spamhaus Exploits Blocklist?

The Spamhaus Exploits Blocklist (XBL) is a real-time database of IP addresses tied to hijacked devices compromised by third-party exploits. The scope of exploits monitored and listed continually evolves to match the dynamic threat landscape.

Are LINUX, UNIX, and FreeBSD Safe from Blocklists?

UNIX-like operating systems typically face security challenges rather than malware issues. Systems that are deployed and neglected are prone to compromise. Any internet-visible system will be targeted immediately upon exposure. Owners must secure their systems, keep them updated, and be ready to delete and rebuild if compromised.

Web servers are particularly vulnerable. Applications like WordPress, Joomla, and Drupal must be consistently updated and patched. Plugins are especially susceptible. Many breaches stem from poorly written PHP and random scripts downloaded online.

The next frequent issue is compromises occurring behind the device, often involving firewalls, NAT gateways, VPN concentrators, and guest Wi-Fi networks.

Firewalls should operate on the principle of “open only the ports you need.”
Apply firewall rules to NAT gateways.
VPN concentrators should restrict VPN clients to intranet access only. Misconfigured VPNs often lead to server listings due to infected remote clients.
Guest Wi-Fi should not share IP addresses with critical services. Permitting insecure protocols like SMTP can cause issues.

Can IP Ranges be Nominated for Inclusion in the XBL Blocklist?

No. The XBL operates automatically, requiring its detectors to receive malicious connections directly from involved IP addresses. Third parties cannot add IP addresses to the XBL manually.

How does the XBL blocklist handle IPv6?

XBL lists /64 subnets of IPv6 addresses. Here’s how it operates:

IPv6: XBL targets “/64” or larger CIDR blocks.
A high concentration of spam-emitting IPv6 addresses within different /64 blocks on the same network may result in listings extending to larger blocks.
This approach prevents the IPv6 zone from growing unmanageably large.
Aggregating blocks, rather than listing individual “/128” IPs, makes it more difficult for spammers to exploit the system.

The “/64” allocation is the industry standard for individual customers, including home users with cable, DSL, or wireless connections.

For ISPs following standard practices, XBL IPv6 listings affect only a single customer.
The “/64” standard is established by RFC4291 and further detailed in RFC6177.
Technical reasons for choosing /64 customer assignments are discussed on Slash64.net and in the M3AAWG document “Policy Issues for Receiving Email in a World with IPv6 Hosts.”

How Often is the XBL blacklist zone updated?

The SBL DNS zone is rebuilt and reloaded every 5 minutes, 24/7, ensuring prompt blocking of new spam issues and swift removal of resolved ones. Spamhaus maintains over 80 public DNSBL mirror servers globally for high redundancy, all responding in real-time to public queries.

Should ISPs Use the XBL Blocklist to Block Their Own Users?

ISPs should not use the XBL to block their own users or to restrict access to web-forums, journals, or blogs. If the same hosts are used for both incoming and outgoing (smarthosted) email, connections using SMTP authentication should be exempt from XBL checks. End users often have dynamic IP addresses, which may be listed in the XBL due to previous users. The XBL can alert an ISP’s security department when a user’s IP is listed, but this should be an “informational” alert only.

How to Prevent Malware

For Home Networks & End Users:

Update operating systems and software on all devices.
Keep anti-virus/anti-malware programs current and run full scans on every device possible.
Disconnect any unnecessary smart devices from the network.

For Business/Office/Enterprise Environments:

Update operating systems and software on all devices.
Ensure anti-virus/anti-malware programs are updated and run full scans regularly.
Verify router and firewall configurations; ensure firmware is up-to-date.
Disable unnecessary external access to your network and secure essential external access.
Monitor and review network traffic for unusual patterns or destination ports.
Invest in a host-based IDS or enterprise anti-malware solution and update it frequently.

What is a NAT Firewall, router, or gateway?

Network Address Translation (NAT) maps private, non-routable IP addresses of local network computers to a single public IP address on the Internet.

Providers often remap end-consumer IP addresses for Internet access.
Small office and home networks use NAT to connect through cable modems or firewalls.

NAT firewalls, routers, or gateways bridge local networks to the Internet, making all connections appear from the NAT address, not the local LAN address.

Running your own wireless router/firewall can expose your network to unwanted guests and malicious traffic. Secure your wireless connection to protect your private network.

Key Point on NATs: Modern malware and spam exploits have built-in SMTP clients, sending directly from infected machines and bypassing network mail servers. These attacks won’t show in mail server logs, making it difficult for anti-spam and anti-malware scanners to detect.

Because malware forges headers, the only visible information is the NAT IP address, not the infected machine. Monitor your router or firewall logs for port 25 activity to identify and address compromised devices.

What is a sinkhole IP?

To understand a sinkhole, we need to first explain how botnets operate:

Botnets are typically controlled via Command and Control (C2) servers.
C2 servers direct the botnet (infected computers) by accepting connections and issuing commands.

Simpler botnets rely on static C2 servers, reachable by IP address or domain name, often hidden or located in regions tolerant of criminal activity for longevity. Advanced botnets employ a domain generation algorithm (DGA) to periodically create new domain sets. This pseudo-random algorithm enables botnet controllers to predict future domains.

Controllers register a few of these domains and link them to C2 servers to command the botnet.

Sinkholes

Anti-botnet researchers and law enforcement can identify existing C2 domains or predict DGA domains similarly to botnet controllers. They acquire these domains and redirect them to their own servers, known as “sinkhole servers” or simply “sinkholes.”

Sinkholes typically do not issue commands to infected computers; they only log connections.

Purposes of Sinkhole Servers:

Prevent infected computers from communicating with real C2 servers, thereby mitigating damage.
Conduct basic research on the botnet, such as estimating the number of infected devices.
Provide lists of infected machines for notification, remediation, or repair.

If your IP is connecting to a sinkhole, blocking the IP will not resolve the botnet infection. Locate and fix the infected machine. Professional assistance may be required.